癌症与干细胞
解释癌症的发生是因为DNA突变使正常的细胞周期调控失效，导致细胞分裂失控并形成肿瘤；描述干细胞与特化细胞的不同之处及其在再生医学中的潜力；并评估围绕胚胎干细胞研究和基因检测的伦理争论。
Explain that cancer occurs when mutations in DNA disable normal cell-cycle controls, causing uncontrolled cell division and tumour formation; describe how stem cells differ from specialised cells and their potential for regenerative medicine; and evaluate the ethical debates around embryonic stem cell research and genetic testing
学习证据 / Evidence
- 将癌症解释为DNA突变导致肿瘤抑制基因失活或癌基因激活，从而引发不受控制的有丝分裂。
- 能区分干细胞（未分化、可分化）与特化细胞（功能固定），并解释干细胞在医学上的价值。
- 呈现胚胎干细胞争论时，至少提出两个支持的具体科学论据和两个反对的伦理理由，而不是简单断言某一方正确。
- Explains cancer as the result of DNA mutations that disable tumour suppressor genes or activate oncogenes, causing unchecked mitosis
- Distinguishes stem cells (unspecialised, can differentiate) from specialised cells (fixed function) and explains why stem cells are medically valuable
- Presents the embryonic stem cell debate with at least two specific scientific arguments in favour and two ethical objections against, without simply asserting one side is correct
评估问题 / Assessment
如果{{name}}被要求从细胞层面解释癌症到底是什么，他们能否描述细胞分裂出了什么问题——并解释为什么有些人反对利用胚胎干细胞进行医学研究，即使这项研究可能挽救生命？
If {{name}} was asked to explain what cancer actually is at a cellular level, could they describe what goes wrong with cell division — and explain why some people object to using stem cells from embryos for medical research, even if it could save lives?