捕食者丧失与生态系统影响

量化能量在营养级之间的传递效率（约10%法则）；解释营养级联：移除顶级捕食者如何引发一系列生态系统变化（海獭→海胆爆发→海藻林崩溃）；定义“沿食物网向下捕捞”的含义；评估海洋再野化的证据——鲨鱼重新引入、鲸类种群恢复驱动养分循环；理解为何需要基于生态系统的渔业管理。

Quantify energy transfer efficiency through trophic levels (~10% rule); explain trophic cascades: how removing an apex predator triggers a chain of ecosystem changes (sea otters → sea urchin explosion → kelp forest collapse); define 'fishing down the food web'; evaluate evidence for ocean rewilding — shark reintroduction, whale recovery driving nutrient cycling; understand why ecosystem-based fisheries management is needed

评估问题 / Assessment

{{name}}能否梳理出，当海獭被猎杀至几乎灭绝时，太平洋海藻林发生了怎样的一系列连锁事件——移除一个物种在整个生态系统中引发了怎样的多米诺效应？

Can {{name}} trace the chain of events that happened to Pacific kelp forests when sea otters were hunted almost to extinction — what domino effect did removing one species set off through the whole ecosystem?