形变与流体压力
Deformation & Fluid Pressure
解释使物体发生形变（弹性形变和非弹性形变）相关的力、材料的热胀冷缩，以及流体压力如何向各个方向作用并随深度增加。
Explain forces associated with deforming objects (elastic and inelastic deformation), thermal expansion and contraction of materials, and how fluid pressure acts in all directions and increases with depth
学习证据 / Evidence
- 区分弹性形变（能恢复原状）与非弹性/塑性形变（永久改变）
- 解释为什么桥梁和铁轨留有伸缩缝
- 解释为什么液体中压力随深度增加（例如为什么深海潜水员需要抗压服）
- 举出一个热膨胀造成问题或被有效利用的日常实例
- Distinguishes elastic deformation (returns to shape) from inelastic/plastic deformation (permanently changed)
- Explains why bridges and railway tracks have expansion gaps
- Explains why pressure increases with depth in a liquid (e.g. why deep-sea divers need pressure suits)
- Gives an everyday example of thermal expansion causing a problem or being used usefully
评估问题 / Assessment
如果{{name}}注意到罐子上的盖子很紧，他们能解释为什么用热水冲一下会有帮助——以及金属受热时发生了什么吗？
If {{name}} noticed the lid on a jar was very tight, could they explain why running it under hot water helps — and what's happening to the metal as it heats up?