超级火山与火山冬天

介绍 Yellowstone 和 Toba 这类破火山口，说明它们是能喷出数千立方千米火山灰的超级火山；解释平流层中的二氧化硫气溶胶如何散射阳光并引发火山冬天；讨论 Toba 灾变理论，以及巨型火山喷发如何与冰期相互作用；对比超级火山喷发与普通火山喷发在规模和对气候影响上的差异。

Describe calderas such as Yellowstone and Toba as supervolcanoes capable of erupting thousands of cubic kilometres of ash; explain how sulphur dioxide aerosols in the stratosphere scatter sunlight and cause volcanic winter; discuss the Toba catastrophe theory and how giant eruptions have interacted with ice ages; contrast supervolcano eruptions with ordinary eruptions in scale and climate impact

评估问题 / Assessment

{{name}}听说过超级火山吗？能否描述一次巨大的喷发如何使整个地球降温数年——是什么进入大气层，又为什么能阻挡热量？

Has {{name}} heard of a supervolcano? Can they describe how a single enormous eruption could cool the entire planet for years — what gets into the atmosphere and why does it block warmth?