传导、对流和辐射
Conduction, convection, and radiation
描述并比较热传递的三种机制：传导（固体中的粒子振动）、对流（液体和气体中的流体运动）和辐射（红外线），并说明热传递速率取决于温度差。
Describe and compare the three mechanisms of heat transfer — conduction (particle vibration through solids), convection (fluid movement in liquids/gases), and radiation (infrared waves) — and explain that the rate of transfer depends on temperature difference
学习证据 / Evidence
- 解释传导的粒子层面机制，并说明为什么金属是良好的热导体。
- 用粒子理论描述对流环流，并举出一个真实生活中的例子。
- 解释所有物体都会发射和吸收红外辐射，以及表面颜色如何影响这一过程。
- 说明温度差越大，热传递速率就越快。
- Explains the particle-level mechanism for conduction and why metals are good conductors
- Describes a convection current using particle theory and gives a real-world example
- Explains that all objects emit and absorb infrared radiation and how surface colour affects this
- States that a greater temperature difference increases the rate of heat transfer
评估问题 / Assessment
如果{{name}}正在炉子上加热汤，同时也在暖气片旁暖手，{{name}}能解释这两种情况分别属于哪种热传递方式吗？为什么汤锅只在底部加热，但整锅汤都会热起来？
If {{name}} was heating soup on a hob and also warming their hands by a radiator, could they explain which type of heat transfer is happening in each case — and why the soup pot gets hot throughout even though it’s only heated at the bottom?